Third-Wave Feminism
Third-wave feminism is an iteration of the feminist movement that occurred from the 1990s up to the early 2000s within the United States. Ideologies that characterize this iteration is the embrace of individualism and diversity. It caused an emergence of new feminist theories such as intersectionality and sex positivity in addition to those introduced in previous iterations.
Food & Household Products
Continuing from the trends of the 70s and 80s women in advertising, advertisements in the 90s and early 2000s still showed that women had agency with their bodies. However, ads particularly for food still focused on sexualized imagery to grab the attention of audiences. “In spite of all of the changes in American society, food advertisers such as Young & Rubicam [a marketing agency] were still trying to convince women that they were responsible for feeding men and satisfying their desires.” [1]
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Household items such as cleaning products were also a large source of advertisements during this time period. These primarily featured white women using the products for duties commonly associated to be women’s jobs such as doing dishes, cooking food, and doing laundry. As the ads that came in the decades before it, these still enforced stereotypical gender roles upon women. Promoting that taking care of the children, cooking, and cleaning were supposed to be done by a woman. A study published in 1991, showed that only 55.3% of the women surveyed agreed that advertisements’ intentions were to show that “the woman’s place is in the home”. [3] However, these advertisements generally did not enforce the idea that women were doing these tasks for the sole purpose of serving their husband or another man as they had in the earlier half of the century.
A television commercial where a wife dressed as a maid is suggestively feeding her husband yogurt. [2]
An advertisement depicting a white woman using a cleaning product to quickly clean messes before having to return to taking care of her child. [4]
Gendered Children's Advertising
A dollhouse commercial targeted towards girls that subtly idealizes the concept of home life. [6]
In the mid-80s, companies began gendering advertisements aimed at children, but this practice became prevalent in the 90s and is still in effect today. Toy commercials are the most common users of this practice. Ones that are marketed to girls often promote a “girls-only” mentality, contradictory to the feminist movement of working for equality between both genders. The commercials centered towards young girls also focus on and idealizes roles associated with women such as cooking, taking care of children. However, there are many exceptions where they promote the idea that women can have a career, such as a doctor, on top of being a homemaker. This is an idea that aligned more closely to the reality of working women at the time. In addition, in children’s commercials that feature both girls and boys have the boys occupying the central and more authoritative positions. [5] Even at a young age, advertisements are subvertly conveying the idea that females should do their “womanly duties” and be docile in comparison to their male counterparts.
Another advertisement geared towards children for a board game. The girl is the only child shown to "fail" their task while the boys succeed. [8]
Connections to Freedom
Throughout the 1990s-2000s advertisements continued to promote the ideas of “womanly duties” as an idea that women should be expected to fulfill and uphold. Often in a role considered “lesser” than a man’s while still completing homemaker duties. This illustrates a societal expectation that pressured women, starting at a young age, to conform to these ideals. Thus, limiting their perception and ability to be free to pursue the roles of authority and individuality that they may have desired. It could limit their economic freedom as well. In some cases, it caused to promote a possible further division between men and women contrary to the efforts of the feminist movement. Also, despite third-wave feminism’s introduction of intersectionality, the media still primarily featured white women. Media at this time did not reflect or display this change in mindset. As a result, women of color still faced more of a lack of autonomy in comparison to white women.
References
[1] Parkin, Katherine J.. Food Is Love: Advertising and Gender Roles in Modern America, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/butler/detail.action?docID=3441523.
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[2] “Dannon La Creme Commercial.” YouTube, 2002, www.youtube.com/watch?v=i3f8CYo200Y.
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[3] Ford, J. B., LaTour, M. S., & Lundstrom, W. J. (1991). Contemporary women's evaluation of female role portrayals in advertising. The Journal of Consumer Marketing, 8(1), 15. Retrieved from https://ezproxy.butler.edu/login?url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/220133074?accountid=9807
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[4] “Hand Model - Mr. Clean Magic Eraser Commercial.” Performance by Ellen Sirot, YouTube, Proctor & Gamble, 2008, www.youtube.com/watch?v=wWGVmS_alJQ.
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[5] Furnham, Adrian, et al. “A Cross-Cultural Content Analysis of Children’s Television Advertisements.” Sex Roles, vol. 37, no. ½, 1997, pp. 91-99., doi:10.1023/a:1025692804434
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[6] “Barbie's Dreamhouse Commercial.” YouTube, Mattel Inc., 2000, www.youtube.com/watch?v=lkaR-jHM97g.
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[7] Signorielli, Nancy. “Children, Television, and Gender Roles.” Journal of Adolescent Health Care, vol. 11, no. 1, 1990, pp. 50-58., doi:10.1016/0197-0070(90)90129-p.
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[8] “Mystery Mansion Commercial.” YouTube, Parker Brothers, 1995, www.youtube.com/watch?v=yYc-CAWxMHg.